In embryology, germ layers are the three primary layers of cells that form very early in development (during gastrulation). They’re like the embryo’s first “construction zones.”
After an egg and sperm come together to create a zygote (a fertilized egg), it is still a single cell. But that cell immediately begins to duplicate, soon forming a ball of cells. At the first cell duplication, the fertilized egg goes from being a zygote to being an embryo. As the embryo grows (because the cells continue to duplicate), it forms a ball of hundreds of cells. These cells begin to specialize, and they do so in what embryologists call “germ layers:”
- endoderm (“inside layer”)
- mesoderm (“middle layer”)
- ectoderm (“outside layer”)
This means that, if we know the tissue or organ involved in a symptom, we can know which germ layer it belongs to. Its germ layer will determine:
- which type of biological conflict the special biological program is a response to,
- the type of tissue change during the active biological conflict,
- the brain relay involved, and
- the pattern of healing,
The four germ layers:
1) Endoderm (inner layer)
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Becomes: linings of the digestive tract, respiratory tract, reproductive system
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Also: organs related to digestion, respiration and water processing like the liver, pancreas, thyroid, other glands, kidney collecting tubules, and more
2) Old Mesoderm (inner middle layer)
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Becomes: corium skin, dermis, inner protective/encasing skins such as pleura, pericardium, peritoneum
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Also: sweat glands and breast glands, which are specialized invaginated corium skin
3) New Mesoderm (outer middle layer)
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Becomes: muscles, bones, connective tissue
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Also: heart, blood and blood vessels, kidney parenchyma, gonads, adrenal cortices, and much of the body’s “support and transport” systems
4) Ectoderm (outer layer)
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Becomes: sensory tissues
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Also: functional controls which do not produce tissue changes during a special biological program, such as glucagon- and insulin-producing cells, motor control functions, metabolic functions